Keywords: small businesses, simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting, unitary tax, tax system.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ СУБ’ЄКТІВ МАЛОГО БІЗНЕСУ В КОНТЕКСТІ НОВОВВЕДЕНЬ У СПРОЩЕНІЙ СИСТЕМІ ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ, ОБЛІКУ ТА ЗВІТНОСТІ

У статті проаналізовано особливості функціонування спрощеної системи оподаткування, обліку та звітності суб’єктів малого бізнесу, а також на основі аналізу основних переваг та недоліків запропоновано напрями її вдосконалення. Окреслено перспективи розвитку суб’єктів малого бізнесу України в контексті нововведень у спрощеній системі оподаткування, обліку та звітності й можливості використання досвіду зарубіжних країн.

Ключові слова: суб’єкти малого бізнесу, спрощена система оподаткування, обліку та звітності, єдиний податок, податкова система.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СУБЪЕКТОВ МАЛОГО БИЗНЕСА В КОНТЕКСТЕ НОВОВВЕДЕНИЙ В УПРОЩЕННОЙ СИСТЕМЕ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ, УЧЕТА И ОТЧЕТНОСТИ 

В статье проанализированы особенности функционирования упрощенной системы налогообложения, учета и отчетности субъектов малого бизнеса, а также на основе анализа основных преимуществ и недостатков предложены направления ее совершенствования. Определены перспективы развития субъектов малого бизнеса Украины в контексте нововведений в упрощенной системе налогообложения, учета и отчетности и возможности использования опыта зарубежных стран.

Ключевые слова: субъекты малого бизнеса, упрощенная система налогообложения, учета и отчетности, единый налог, налоговая система.

Problem statement. Modern development of Ukrainian national economy depends on small businesses, which take a leading place in it. They help to create a big number of work places and to produce products. Effective reforms help to provide a stable economic system that depends on improving the tax system. If the country wants to have a stable economic situation, it will have to set the level of tax burden. Today tax system can be described as an increasing number of enterprises which leave their income unnoticed. This step reduces revenues of the State budget and has negative impact on the development of the state economy.

The issue of improving the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting of small businesses is very important. The main areas of reforming are based on strengths and weaknesses of the system that helps to provide enterprises with an opportunity to be competitive on national market.

Analysis of the latest studies. Main directions of improvement of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting were studied by O. Chepets and M. Fursin. The great attention is paid to this topic by such scholars as A Krysovatoho, V. A. Valihura, I. V. Mariner, V. I. Onshynka, I. Churkin. In works of G. M. Biletskaya, M. V. Karmality, M. O. Kutz we can study the harmonization of Ukrainian tax legislation. Main strengths and weaknesses of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting are outlined in the scientific works of M. Kmit, M. B. Sydymyra.

However, most of the materials are outdated the real state of the economy and are not taken into account, due to the changes in the Tax Code of Ukraine. That is why there is a need of finding new ways for improvement.

Objectives of the study. The aim of the study is to determine prospects of the development of small businesses in Ukraine in the context of innovation in the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting and the opportunity of using the experience of foreign countries by studying the theoretical and practical aspects of the chosen subject.

Presentation of the main material of the study. The introduction of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine was launched with the purpose to withdraw small business out of the “shadow” and to overcome crisis tendencies in the economy. The installation of this system was the first step that gave a push to the legalization of small businesses by obtaining a small amount of state tax.

According to clause 7 of article 55 of the Commercial Code of Ukraine, small business is a company in which the average number of employees for the accounting year is not more than 50 people, and annual income from any activity does not exceed the equivalent of 10 million euro determined by the average annual rate of the National bank of Ukraine [3].

There are 93% of small businesses which are engaged in economic activity at the present stage in the development of national economy of Ukraine. This leads to the need of improving the current legislation in order to create suitable conditions of small business activities.

The development of a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting of small business was started in 1998 under the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the simplified taxation systems accounting of small business entities” [11]. This Decree contains the definition and the introduction to the single tax book of income and expenses that is required from small businesses.

The preparation and the submission of the simplified form of reporting of small business is governed by the Regulations (standard) accounting 25 “Financial Reporting of a small business” [9]. According to this Regulation, the simplified form of accounting involves the application of double entry and the preparation of simplified reporting forms 1-m “Balance” and 2-m “Report about financial results”.

The fixation of the simplified form of taxation, accounting and reporting, tax groups, tax rates, characteristics of forms of accounting and reporting for each tax group is displayed in a separate section of the Tax Code of Ukraine, adopted in 2010, namely Section XIV «Special tax regimes”. However, changes about a special tax regime took effect a year later, and in 2011, business entities were governed by transitional provisions of the Code.

The improvement of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting has a great role at the current stage of development of Ukraine’s tax system. However, these changes have negative effect on small businesses, accompanied by significant fiscal pressure to withdraw subjects out of the “shadow” (transparent accounting).

The current tax system of Ukraine with the last changes from the 1-st January 2016 identifies four groups of single taxpayer:

• The first group − individual entrepreneurs that do not use the work of employees, sell only goods from trading places in the markets and/or conduct economic activities to provide consumer services and the amount of revenue during the year does not exceed 300000 UAN.;
• The second group − individual entrepreneurs which are engaged in economic activities to provide services, including residential, single tax payers and/or population, production and /or selling of goods, activity in the restaurant industry, provided during the calendar year meet together with the following criteria: don’t use hired persons or persons who are employed; the amount of income does not exceed 1500000 UAN.;
• The third group − private entrepreneurs that use hired persons or persons who are with them in labor relations and the calendar year volume of income does not exceed 50000000 UAN.;
• The fourth group − agricultural producers, whose share of agricultural commodity production for the previous tax (reporting) year is equal or exceed 75% [8].

For single taxpayers of the first and the second groups the fixed rate is the minimum wage that is established by law on January 1 of the tax year, and for the third group in the percentage of income (interest rates).

According to the Tax Code of Ukraine the single tax rate for the third group of taxpayers is determined as: 3% of income if the entity is a VAT payer; 5% of income if the entity is not a VAT payer [2].

The accountants of the simplified system during accounting work use the accounts work plan for small businesses, which consists of 25 accounts that can associate with multiple accounts of common plan [10].

Using the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting has several advantages for small businesses, but there are significant drawbacks too. The main drawbacks of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting can approach this system to general. There is a need to think about the benefits and the drawbacks between the simplified and the general system before using the simplified system (Table 1) [4].

Table 1

The main benefits and drawbacks of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting

Source: Author built it on the basis of [4]

The current state of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting in Ukraine is characterized by significant changes due to innovations. However, despite the significant benefits this system requires further research to address the shortcomings that hinder the process of attracting new business entities and not to contribute to the removal of a significant amount out of “shadow”.

In our opinion, after analyzing all the shortcomings of the system of taxation, accounting and reporting the main way to achieve a certain balance between the public interest and the business is to implement a set of measures:

• to increase marginal revenues from sales of products, goods and services;
• to make single tax-payer responsible for using its activities the employees without employment contract;
• to establish a program of preferential crediting of small businesses;
• to establish counseling centers [12].

That is why, in the direction of the tax reform in 2016 are planned significant changes of simplified system of taxaction, accounting and reporting. The major changes will include the unification of rates of single social tax to 20%, in contrast to the current system by 1 January 2016 – 34, 7%.

The basic rules for two groups of taxpayers are not changed, but there is prohibition of usage of the simplified system in hotels, restaurants management and selling of fur and leather in 2016.

For taxpayers of third groups the planning reduction in turnover of 4 times and a gradual increasing in tax rates: for VAT payers – 3%, and for non-payers – 6%. Also the unlimited number of employees and a turnover is reduced to 5 mln. UAH.

There is a limit for tax-payers of the fourth group on annual turnover and the number of agricultural lands that are in usage. The number of employees for individuals and legal entities is unlimited for agricultural commodity. The turnover will amount to 100 mln. UAH and the land area increases to three thousand, and the tax rate in proportion to the area and deliver lands [7].

After all analyzed above, it should be noted that innovations of the tax system in 2016 is compared to 2015 year for tax-payers of the first and second groups hasn’t changed. But new changes for the third group of  tax-payer are gradually assimilated the simplified system of taxation to the general system.

Although the significant innovations greatly simplify this taxation system, but one of the most important steps was to use the international experience of the simplified system which is characterized by the single harmonization standard of accounting and reporting.

If you look through the international practice of the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting you will understand that there is no single definition for small and medium enterprises. The main criteria is the number of employees and gross sales.

The simplified tax system isn’t founded only in developed countries but in developing countries. However, this system has differences in scope and application of the criteria that are clearly defined for small businesses.

The international practice doesn’t have standard principles and the way of developing and using a simplified system.

However, there are four approaches of defining a simplified taxation system, including the system based on gross sales, the system based on indicative figures, the system of agreements between taxpayers and tax authorities, the patents [5].

The simplified system of taxation which is based on gross sales is the most common one and is characterized by such alternative methods of application as differentiation of tax rates for the same tax base, differentiation rates that depend on the gross turnover and a flat rate of turnover tax for all small businesses that use simplified system. This system is used in Albania and Brazil.

The main alternative of simplified system that is based on gross turnover is a system that is based on external indicators. A key role in the development of the system pays the actual income of a taxpayer. Effective indicators must meet the following criteria: be easily accounted and checked; have a low risk of falsification; must show sufficient and stable dependence on the actual income.

The main characteristic of the patent is using a single tax on business segment that doesn’t depend on the size or the gross turnover of the small individual businesses. In practice, the patent application is simple. For example, the taxation of traders, artisans and other low-income activities in Kosovo who pay quarterly 37,50 Euro.

The main target of patenting isn’t only getting tax revenues, but to improve the overall tax culture [1].

The simplified system is based on agreement between the taxpayer and the tax authorities that is the fourth form of simplified taxation. For example, the method «Forfait», which was used in France, but it was quickly repealed and replaced by the simplified system that is based on turnover. The system «Forfait» involves collecting large amounts of data and assessment of expected company profits by tax authorities.

This system is largely similar to the «Forfait» is still used in Syria. Small businesses during choosing this or that system are governed by the purpose of their activity and by the main priorities of the system.

Conclusion. Today there are many problems in the simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting. Therefore, the improving of current tax system must take the interests of small businesses that are sensitive to innovations, namely the taxpayers of the first and second groups.

There is a need to develop gradual transition to the general taxation system for the third and fourth groups of taxpayers. The main directions of reforming current system of simplified taxation, accounting and reporting according to national experience could be: to increase marginal revenues from sales of products, goods and services; to make a single taxpayer responsible for using the employees without employment contract in their activities; to establish the program of preferential crediting of small business; to establish counseling centers.

However, it is necessary to use international experience that is characterized by the introduction of the simplification and the harmonization of accounting for small businesses through the development of the single accounting and reporting standard that will eliminate contradictions of existing regulations. One should also take into account the international approaches to the simplified system, namely: the system based on gross sales; the system based on indicative figures; the system of agreements between taxpayers and tax authorities; the patents.

The study and implementation under the terms of the domestic economy may also be one of the promising areas of reforming a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting for small business in Ukraine.

Література:

1. Буряк Л.Д. Фінансовий менеджмент у малому бізнесі: / Буряк Л.Д. – К. : КНЕУ, 2007. — 432с.

2. Гармонізація податкового законодавства: українські реалії: Монографія / Г.М. Білецька, М.В. Кармаліта, М.О. Куц та ін. – К.: Алерта, 2012. – [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://ndi-fp.asta.edu.ua/files/doc/publications/Alerta_NDI_Bileckaya_monograf_300712_avt.pdf

3. Господарський кодекс України від 16.01.2003 № 436-IV. − [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/436-15

4. Кміть В.М., Судомир М.Б. Переваги та недоліки функціонування спрощеної системи оподаткування в Україні// Інноваційна економіка. – 2013 – №1. – [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/pdf/10_2015/56.pdf

5. Крисоватий А.І., Валігура В.А. Домінанти гармонізації оподаткування: національні та міжнародні вектори: Монографія. – Тернопіль: Підручники і посібники, 2010. – 248 с.

6. Методичні рекомендації із застосування регістрів бухгалтерського обліку малими підприємствами: Наказ МФУ від 15.06.2011р. № 720. − [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://www.profiwins.com.ua/uk/letters-and-orders/treasury/2081-720.html

7. Податкова реформа 2016 – фіскальна лібералізація [Електронний ресурс]: Фінбаланс. – Режим доступу: http://finbalance.com.ua/news/Podatkova-reforma-yaki-novatsi-zaproponu-nardepam-u-vivtorok-fiskalniy-komitet-VR

8. Податковий кодекс України від 02.12.2010 № 2755-VI – [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17

9. Положення (стандарт) бухгалтерського обліку 25 «Фінансовий звіт суб’єкта малого підприємництва»: Наказ МФУ від 25.02.2000 р. № 39. – [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0161-00

10. Про затвердження спрощеного Плану рахунків бухгалтерського обліку: Наказ Міністерства фінансів України від 19.04.2001 р. №186. − [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0389-01

11. Про спрощену систему оподаткування, обліку та звітності суб’єктів малого підприємництва Президент України: Указ від 03.07.1998 № 727/98. (Втратив чинність) − [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/727/98

12. Чепець О.Г. Напрями реформування спрощеної системи оподаткування, обліку і звітності. – 2014- №10 – [Електронний ресурс]: Ефективна економіка. – Режим доступу : http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/?op=1&z=3461

WAYS OF REDUCING THE TAX BURDEN IN UKRAINE

У статті проаналізовано рівень податкового навантаження в Україні та його структуру в розрізі окремих видів податків. Здійснено порівняння рівня податкового навантаження в Україні та країнах світу. Обґрунтовано шляхи зменшення рівня податкового навантаження в Україні.
Ключові слова: податкове навантаження, податки, податкова політика, система оподаткування, оцінка податкового навантаження, оптимізація податкового навантаження.

This article analyzes the tax burden in Ukraine and its structure in individual types of taxes. The comparison has been drawn between the tax burden in Ukraine and different countries of the world. This paper has substantiated the ways of reducing the tax burden in Ukraine.
Keywords: tax burden, taxes, tax policy, tax system, the tax burden estimation, optimization of the tax burden.
Formulation of the problem. The tax system has a significant impact on the stability of the financial condition of business entities. The tax burden defines the conditions of financial and economic development of the country, and it is formed by a set of all tax payments to a state and local budget. The inefficient mechanism of the Ukrainian tax system, excessive tax burden, and lack of stable legislation provoke distrust of business entities and lead to the growth of the shadow economy and low economic development. Therefore, one of the most pressing problems today is to determine the optimal level of tax burden in order to ensure sufficient and stable revenues to the budget and to promote business development as a prerequisite for economic development.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The problems of the tax burden and its impact on the financial condition of business entities were investigated by such foreign scholars as K.Brauer, P. Hansel, P. Mikeladze, E. Seligman, A. Sokolov, K. Shmelov. Likewise, the theoretical aspects of the tax burden were scrutinized in the works of such modern national scientists as V. Andrushchenko, G. Vasylevska, A.Krysovatyi, T. Marshalok, P. Melnyk, A. Podderogin, V. Polishchuk, N. Rysova, A. Sokolovska, G. Fylyuk, A. Fradynskyi and others. The authors emphasize theoretical basis of the tax system reformation. More attention needs to be given both to the comparison of tax burden in Ukraine and other countries and justification for its reduction.
The aim of this study is to substantiate tax burden-reducing measure in Ukraine on the basis of the concept “tax burden” and the assessment of its level in the Ukrainian economy.
Summary of the basic material. Despite current reforms, the current Ukrainian tax system is still not perfect. Because of the fact that tax on real economy is estimated as too high, the investment climate in Ukraine is considered to be inauspicious. Enterprises can work cost-effectively only when they hide their income. Thus, the problem of shadow economy appears in the country.
The main task of the Ukrainian tax system reforms in 2015 was tax burden reduction, tax system simplification, and increased budget profitability [4, p. 215].
Modern economics interpret the definition of tax burden in different ways. At the micro level, term “under the tax burden” is understood as the total amount of all taxes, fees, and other mandatory payments in terms of value which the economic agents are obliged to pay to the budgets at all levels in accordance with current tax law. In the macroeconomic scale, tax burden is defined as the effectiveness of tax policy, in other words, it is the cumulative effect of tax payments on payments sources [2, p. 23].
O. Godovanets and T. Marshalok claim that tax burden is an indicator of the effectiveness of government interference through taxes in the activities of taxpayers [2, p. 86].
A. Sokolovska asserts that the tax burden is the effect of taxes on the economy in general and on the individual taxpayers connected with economic limitation resulting from discharge of tax of taxes and misuse of these funds [6, p. 80].
O. Fradynskyi defines the tax burden as the ratio of tax revenues to the consolidated state budget to the gross domestic product. For a more complete representation of fiscal pressure on taxpayers, the formula is proposed:

,

where TB – tax burden; ATR – the actual tax revenue; GDP – gross domestic product.
Accoding to G. Fylyuk, the tax burden is a generalized indicator that characterizes the value of tax exemptions on the macro (state) or micro (economic agent) levels [4, p. 215].
G. Wasylewska claims that the tax burden is a measure, degree and the level of economic constraints arising from allocations and misuse of tax payment funds [5, с. 8].
The issue about the optimal level of tax burden has always been of paramount importance. For example, in the late twentieth century, A. Laffer, an American economist, noted that exemption limit in the budget is 30% of income, and 40-50% of removal of income reduces savings of people lead to a lack of interest in investing and therefore lower tax revenues. According to this concept, the revenue grows both when the number of taxpayers increases and the tax base broadens, but not by means of tax rates increase [2, p. 87].
In Ukraine, there is an ongoing debate about an optimal and effective level of taxation, which would provide the budget with sufficient revenue and thus stimulate the development of the manufacturing sector. However, different countries have different optimal tax burdens due to a different level of socio-economic development and different degree of efficiency of financial policies.
The tax burden rate, in international practice, is defined as the ratio of tax revenues to the consolidated state budget to the gross domestic product. According to this method and the formula suggested by A. Fradynskoho, the level of tax burden in Ukraine for 2012-2014 was determined (Table. 1) [1; 3].

Table1

The dynamics of the tax burden in Ukraine during 2012-2014

While analyzing the dynamics of the tax burden in Ukraine, it is worth noting that in 2013 this index decreased to 1.51% and to 0.7% in 2014. As a result, in 2014, it was equal to 23.46%. Such changes occurred because GDP increased faster than tax revenues. Thus, in 2013, GDP grew by 4.31%, while tax revenues fell by 1.83%, and in 2014 GDP grew by 6.93% and tax revenues fell only by 3.83%.
The most effective way both to reduce the tax burden in Ukraine and to ensure sufficient amount of tax revenues in the budget is to redistribute the tax burden among subjects and objects of taxation. In order to assess the tax burden objectively, it is necessary to analyze its redistribution upon objects of taxation by determining the structure of the tax burden through the main types of tax payments (pic 1) [1].

Fig. 1. Structure of tax revenue in Ukraine in 2012-2014, %

Taking everything into consideration, value added tax, income tax and corporate income tax played a major role in the formation of the tax burden in Ukraine during the 2012-2014. These mandatory payments formed 84.3% of tax revenues in 2014. The most crucial taxes, which accounted for almost 75% in the structure of the tax burden, were the value added tax and the income tax. It means that the tax burden in Ukraine is formed mainly by its population.
Most other countries in the world try to moderate the tax burden, direct the tax policy at ensuring sustainable economic growth, and create a favorable environment for economic activity and social welfare. However, many leading countries that manage to deal with all these issues, have primary indicator of the tax burden. Having analyzed data on tax burden in countries with different levels of economic development, we can compare the index that we have in Ukraine with that in other countries (tab. 2) [7].
According to these figures, countries with a developed economy have the highest proportion of taxes to GDP. For example, in France the tax burden is 44.6%. Middeveloped countries with transition economy also have the high level of tax burden – from 30 to 37%. This tendency is a result of a rational and efficient system of distribution and use of funds. Ex-socialist countries with transition economy, to which Ukraine belongs, have a lower level of tax burden, and are characterized by higher level of tax burden compared to other countries. Developing countries have the lowest level of tax burden, and it is the main reason of a lack of funds in their budgets.

Table 2

The tax burden in Ukraine and in the world as of 2014

Therefore, one of the prerequisites to pull Ukraine out of economic crisis is to introduce at least a slight reduction in the tax burden. In this way, Ukraine will get a sustainable development in economic and fiscal areas. Moreover, the gradual reduction of the tax burden on individuals will increase household savings and have a positive effect on demand. As a result, these changes will lead to the development in production and the increase in real income, then to the increase of tax base [5, p. 8].
However, one of the most important prerequisites for improving the economic situation in the country is to reform the tax system, find the ways to efficient allocation and use of tax revenues. The tax system in Ukraine was simplified due to the tax system reform in 2015 as a result of reducing the number of mandatory payments, merging several taxes, or their cancellation. The rates of some taxes were reduced accordingly. The main objective of tax reform should be a transition from a fiscal tax policy direction to activate regulatory capacity. Regulated tax law will likely stimulate programs of socio-economic development. On the other side, effective legislation should ensure stable, clear, and transparent rules of taxation that will contribute to growth in businesses and increase in investment, which are the driving forces of the economy.
The amount of time spent on taxes and fees has an impact on the effectiveness of the tax system. According to statistics, an average 657 hours per year in our country is spent on discharge of tax and fees [2, p. 87]. Obviously, the tax system in Ukraine is not perfect and has many problems. The level of tax burden in Ukraine is high, compared with countries that have similar levels of economic development, and poses a threat to economic security. Ukraine has great need to work not only on reducing the tax burden but also on the overall efficiency of the tax system. In order solve these problems, the following can be offered:
– slight and gradual reduction of tax rates;
– broadening of the tax base;
– application of progressive taxation;
– creation of a transparent system of taxes and fees;
– even distribution of the tax burden between taxpayers on the basis of their type of activity;
– improvement of the tax control system to prevent tax evasion;
– creation of a fair tax system by reducing and effective use of tax incentives;
– attraction of investment and innovation in the priority sectors for expanding the business and increasing revenue for economic agent that will lead to an increase of GDP and reduction of the tax burden.
These legislative enactments will help to ensure the growth of tax revenue, solve the problems connected with the shadow economy and tax violations, and revive business activity.
Conclusion. The current tax system in Ukraine has many shortcomings. Some new regulations have already been imposed, but experts are still concerned about the high tax burden in Ukraine. Having analyzed the tax burden in Ukraine, we should admit that a slight reduction of the tax burden did not bring about positive results. Moreover, after comparing this index with that in other countries, it becomes obvious that in Ukraine the level of tax burden is higher than in countries with similar levels of economic development. Such problems as shadow economy, evasion of taxes, prevention from the economic development, and worsening of investment climate still remain to be unsolved. These problems can be tackled by reducing the level of tax burden through the improvement of functioning of the national tax system. Shortfalls in budget revenues can be offset by both broadening the tax base and the use of progressive taxation. The priority should be given to attracting investment, which will increase the income of economic agents and stimulate economic development.

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