The article analyzes the main features of accounting of cash operations on Ukrainian enterprises under the regulatory framework and solved issues of primary, synthetic and analytical accounting with the target to abidance a cash discipline by domestic economic entities.

Keywords: enterprise, cash operations, income and outgoing cash orders, cash.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ОБЛІКУ КАСОВИХ ОПЕРАЦІЙ НА ПІДПРИЄМСТВАХ УКРАЇНИ

У статті проаналізовано особливості організації обліку касових операцій на підприємствах України відповідно до нормативно-правової бази, а також розкрито питання здійснення первинного, синтетичного та аналітичного обліку з метою дотримання касової дисципліни вітчизняними суб’єктами господарювання.

Ключові слова: підприємство, касові операції, прибутковий та видатковий касові ордери, грошові кошти.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ УЧЕТА КАССОВЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ УКРАИНЫ

В статье проанализированы особенности организации учета кассовых операций на предприятиях Украины в соответствии с нормативно-правовой базы, а также раскрыты вопросы осуществления первичного, синтетического и аналитического учета с целью соблюдения кассовой дисциплины отечественными субъектами хозяйствования.

Ключевые слова: предприятие, кассовые операции, приходный и расходный кассовые ордера, денежные средства.

Problem statement. Modern development of market economy in Ukraine depends on operations of enterprises that use in their daily activity funds, which are important resource for their success. That is why, all Ukrainian enterprises should conduct a qualitative accounting of funds that is caused by the need to provide information on all business operations that are associated with the movement of cash and directly influence management decisions that have a significant impact on the financial position and success of the sub the object management.

Analysis of the latest studies. The question of theoretical principles and practical aspects of accounting of cash operations on Ukrainian enterprises is engaged in scientists’ works such as: M. T. Bilukha, L. M. Gerasim, N. N. Hornbeam, V. A. Ozerna, V. V. Sopko.

Objective of the study. The target of research is revealing the peculiarities of accounting of cash operations in the Ukraine by studying the theoretical and practical aspects of the chosen subject.

The statement of the basic material. All Ukrainian enterprises in their daily activity use funds which can be in two forms: cash and cashless. All operations with funds that move in cash are called cash operations, and along with it, is governed by the Regulations on the conduct cash operation in the national currency of Ukraine  number 637 approved by the National Bank of Ukraine from 22.10.2010 year.

According to this statement, each institution, organization or company must have a special room – cash.

That is why, according to the aforementioned Regulation Service provides a specially designated room or place which is intended for reception, distribution and storage of cash, cash instruments and other items with using a cash book.

The cash is completely liquid asset, so all enterprises must exercise proper control and accounting of cash operations. All cash operations in Ukraine include operations that are directly related to obtaining and using cash directly from the fund company. Cash operations are drawn up incoming and outgoing cash orders, typical forms and procedures are approved by the Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine number 442 from 15.12.2003, “On approval of standard forms of primary accounting of cash transactions”. According to the present Statement, all companies have a cash for the settlement of cash operations.

All incoming and outgoing cash orders are showed with basis documents such as (fig.1).

Fig. 1. Examples of documents that are used to process incoming and outgoing cash orders

* Source: developed by the author basing on [2]

All the documents of cash operations, which are named above, are used for profitable and outgoing cash orders apply to all enterprises of Ukraine unchanged, regardless of their affiliation and ownership.

It should also be noted that it is important for the accounting of cash operations and for synthetic and analytical accounting business operations directly formed on the degree of generalization of economic resources and sources of their formation and business processes.

The organization of synthetic and analytical accounting is regulated by the Regulations on the application of the Plan of Accounts for assets, capital, liabilities and business operations of enterprises and organizations, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine number 291 from 30.11.1999.

Thus, it should be noted that the synthetic account of the presence and movements of cash on hand in the Ukraine is accounted on 30 “Cash”, recording which carried out based on the audited reports cashier overall results of the day in the journal, the warrant number 1 (on loan) and 1 roll number (debit) [1].

The synthetic account 30 “Cash” has the following sub-accounts:

• 301 “Cash in the national currency”;
• 302 “Cash in the international currency”.

The receipt of cash in cash of the company is reflected in the debit account and in cash from the fund company credited 30 “Cash”. In the balance of this account balance reflected in section 2 of the asset.

In addition, the cash of enterprises except cash money can be stored documents and forms of strict accountability. The cash documents include monetary instruments, including stocks, bonds and other securities; trips to rest homes and sanatoriums; postage stamps, duty stamps, tickets, etc. [3]. The incoming and outgoing of cash is made with incoming and outgoing and reflected in the account 331 “Cash documents in national currency” or 332 “Cash documents in international currency.”

Having examined the organization of analytical accounting of cash operations in the Ukraine, it should be noted that this account of cash and monetary instruments in the cash of enterprise is conducted separately by type. The accounting blanks that are deposited and published a report, recorded on off-balance account 08 “Forms of strict accounting.” Analytical accounting is directly in each kind of forms specifying data storage location, numbering, number and value of those forms [5].

On the debit account 30 there are operations with the flow of money in cash, on the credit – it’s outgoing. The incoming and outgoing of cash of enterprises is described in Table 1.

Table 1

Typical accounting entries of cash operations on Ukrainian enterprises

* Source: developed by the author basing on [6]

Then, at the end of each month in the journal, the warrant number 1 and the information number 1.1 the income and expenditure of cash are summarized, including the corresponding accounts, and account for the balance of money on hand the first day of the next month, which should be identical to the same indicator in cash book. The final data is recorded in the ledger, which is the main cash register operations.

Conclusion. Modern development of market economy in Ukraine is closely associated with the operation of enterprises that are led by funds that are an important resource for their successful activity and the economy in general.

The organization of accounting of cash operations on enterprises provide a mapping of all business operations related to the movement of funds through the use of primary, synthetic and analytical accounting.

The main registers of primary accounting of cash operations on Ukrainian enterprises are fixed with the incoming and outgoing cash orders, and the organization of synthetic and analytical accounting is regulated in accordance with the Regulations on the application of the Plan of Accounts for assets, capital, liabilities and business operations of enterprises and organizations which is approved by the Ministry of Finance of Ukraine number 291from 30.11.1999.

Therefore, all enterprises in Ukraine should conduct qualitative and proper accounting of funds, which are due to the need to provide accurate information about all business operations in order to take management decisions that have a significant impact on the financial position and the successful operation of all entity.

Literature:

1.Білуха Н.Т. Теорія бухгалтерського обліку: Підручник/Н. Т. Білуха.- К., 2000. – С. 692.

2.Герасим Л.М. Первинний та аналітичний облік на підприємстві [Текст]: навч. посіб. / Л.М. Герасим; Мін-во освіти і науки України, – Тернопіль: Астон, 2005. – 463с.

3.Кім Г.М., Сопко В.В., Кім С.Г. Бухгалтерський облік: первинні документи та порядок їх заповнення: Навчальний посібник – к.: Центр навчальної літератури, 2004. – С. 440.

4.Положення про ведення касових операцій у національній валюті України: Постанова Правління Національного банку України  № 637 від 22.10.2010 р. (із змінами та доповненнями) – [Електронний ресурс]. – http://zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0040-05

5.Сопко В.В. Бухгалтерський облік.: Навч. посібник — К.: КНЕУ.- 2000.- c. 578.

6.Про застосування Плану рахунків бухгалтерського обліку активів, капіталу, зобов’язань і господарських операцій підприємств і організацій: Інструкція Міністерства фінансів України № 291 від 30.11.1999 року (із змінами та доповненнями) − [Електронний ресурс]. – http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/z0893-99

The essence of the profits of enterprises and the activity of enterprises in Ukraine in recent years are analysed in this article. The ways of increase of the enterprise’s revenue in the current context are suggested.

Key-words: revenue, enterprise, personnel, productivity, target-costing.

МЕТОДИ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ПРИБУТКУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ В УКРАЇНІ

У статті розглянуто сутність прибутку підприємств та проаналізовано діяльність підприємств в Україні протягом останніх років. Запропоновано способи збільшення прибутку підприємств в сучасних умовах.

Ключові слова: прибуток, підприємство, персонал, продуктивність, таргет-костінг.

МЕТОД ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ПРИБЫЛИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ В УКРАИНЕ

В статье рассмотрена сущность прибыли предприятий и проанализирована деятельность предприятий в Украине в последние годы. Предложены методы увеличения прибыли предприятий в современных условиях.

Ключевые слова: прибыль, предприятие, персонал, производительность, таргет-костинг.

Problem statement. In the market economy, the main purpose of any business is profit. The profit is of the utmost importance, because it provides filling of incoming part of the state budget, and assists investment prospects of the business and economic activity, moreover, it provides stable financial condition and competitiveness of an enterprise. A vital and essential issue is ensuring stable growth of profit for Ukrainian enterprises.  Nowadays, many businesses and commercial establishments do not turn a profit, which means they are close to liquidation and bankruptcy. The growing number of unprofitable enterprises negatively influences the level of income of the Ukrainian state budget and leads to an increase in unemployment and deterioration of life quality.

Analysis of late investigations and publications. Among the scientists who paid their attention to questions of formation and usage of profit by Ukrainian enterprises were V. Babich, V. I. Blonska, Ye. M. Vynnychenko, A. V. Vysotska, O. I. Vuzhynska, V. M. Oparin, A. M.  Poddierohin, O. I. Poprozman and others.

Aim and objectives of the investigation. The ways of profit’s increasing in enterprises under the present-days conditions are the issues of research in the article.

Statement of primary material. Profit is a financial category of paramount importance which displays a positive financial result of the enterprise’s economic activity, describes the effectiveness of production and eventually shows the amount and quality of manufactured products, the state of efficiency of work and the level of cost price. At the same time profit influences on strengthening commercial account, intensification of production in any property categories.

Nowadays in the Ukrainian economy there is a negative tendency for reduction the profitability of companies and receiving damages. In connection to this point, it is needed to adapt quickly to existing conditions and apply new methods of management while managing an enterprise that will permit to reduce expenses of enterprise significantly and provide the increase in its incomes. In this case, it is necessary to examine the functioning of enterprises in Ukraine and the process of getting financial results. A negative tendency could be seen exploring the dynamics of the number of enterprises in Ukraine from 2010 to 2014 (table 1).

Table 1

The dynamics of market participants’ number in Ukraine in 2010-2014

Source: [4]

According to the Table 1, during 2012-2014, the number of enterprises in Ukraine has grown, with companies 1,600,127 in 2012 to 1,932,161 in 2014. Nevertheless, it should be taken into account that this increase occurred among the general reduction of large, medium-sized and micro enterprises. In 2014 there were 497 large, 15,906 medium-sized and 324,598 small enterprises in Ukraine, which is significantly less than in the previous year. The main reason for reducing the number of enterprises in Ukraine is unprofitable business activity.

Table 2

Financial results of enterprises before taxation in Ukraine for 2012-2015.

Source: [4]

Over the last few years, from 2012 to September 2015, the financial results of enterprises before taxation declined continuously.  In 2012, the enterprises’ profit in Ukraine before taxation totalled 75.67 billion. UAH., whereas in September 2015 the loss amounted to 183.894 billion. UAH. (Table 2). It is worthwhile to mention the fact that in Ukraine the share of unprofitable enterprises is growing, and each third company is unprofitable. As of September 2015, activities of almost 40% of Ukrainian enterprises were unprofitable. [4] The situation is worsening after paying income tax.

Table 3

Disposable profit (dead loss) of the Ukrainian companies for 2012-2015.

Source: [4]

From 2012 to September 2015 a negative tendency can be seen to a permanent reduction of disposable profit of enterprises and for this reason, they receive damages. When the disposable profit of enterprises in Ukraine amounted to 35 bln. UAH. in 2012, then in January-September 2015 the company received dead loss of 187.729 bln. UAH. What is more, 40.3% of Ukrainian enterprises in January-September 2015 operated losses.

Taking into account negative situation, there is a problem of finding reserves to increase profits for enterprises. The personnel are a resource of the utmost importance. One of the basic resources of increasing enterprise’s profit is increasing the productivity of employees and encouraging creative solving of problems. In order to increase productivity and encourage employees to work better Western countries’ companies use various methods of employee’s participation in profits. However, this method is appropriate to use only in case of permanent improving workers’ productivity and increasing the efficiency of production in general [2].

Employee’s participation in company profits can occur in various ways:

• employees are paid a certain, pre-determined percentage of disposable profit.
• a share of disposable income is paid in proportion to the salary of the employee.

Taking into consideration small pensions it is appropriate to make deferred payments for employees, which in this case could be considered as an additional pension. What is more, the survey of 38 large US corporations found out that 28 of them put into practice deferred payments [1].

According to the investigations of leading Western universities, increase of staff productivity can be achieved in simple ways. The positive impacts on the productivity of employees have also temperature, lighting, colour and the presence of plants in the office. These facilities are quite simple to use and low-cost. According to The National Laboratory Named by Lawrence Berkeley, productivity can be increased to 10% at the temperature of 22-23 degrees. [6] The presence of plants can increase productivity by 15% [8]. The research carried out at the University of Texas proved that the white walls in the office adversely affect productivity. [7]

Also, it is necessary to draw attention to the methods of organising the production costs, which are widely used by enterprises around the world. It would be relevant to use the method of target-costing in the enterprises – method of managing cost price (expenses on products’ manufacturing), the aim of which is in decreasing cost price of production during the whole manufacturing process at the cost of applying manufacturing and scientific researches and developments. This method considers the computation of product’s cost price on the basis of pre-determined price on realization.   The method of target-costing is widely spread in Japan where more than 80% of large companies (Toyota, Daihatsu, Nissan, Matsushita, NEC, Sony, Cannon, Olympus, Nippon) are using it. This method is becoming popular gradually in the USA and Europe, where it is used by companies such as DaimlerChrysler, Procter & Gamble, Caterpillar, ITT Automotive [5].

The other method – “kaizen-costing” – is an up-to-date method of managing expenses, which is used for achieving target cost price, but in contrast to “target-costing” lies in the permanent improvement of processes’ quality for the whole enterprise with the participation of all workers, which gives an opportunity to decrease unprofitable expenses. This method is widely used by Japanese corporations (Toyota).

The main advantage of this method is that it provides a permanent reduction of expenses and keeping them at the appropriate level, still a disadvantage is a necessity of motivating employees and corporate culture, which supports the attraction of the personnel into the enterprise’s activity.

Summary.  Due to the difficult economic situation in the country, there is a decline in profits. With a purpose of getting and ensuring permanent growth of profit enterprises should ensure the participation of personnel in incomes, use modern methods of increasing employee’s productivity and apply cost organizing methods.

References:

• Bardakova, T. V., & Darchenko, N. D. Zarubizhnyi dosvid motyvatsii pratsi: aktualnist i dotsilnist zastosuvannia u vitchyzniznii practitsi [Foreign experience of work motivation: topicality and appropriateness of usage in home practice] – Retrieved from: http://www.rusnauka.com.ua [in Ukrainian].
• Bodarchuk, K. (2013). Uchast naimanyh pratsivnykiv u prybutkah pidpryiemstv (zarybizhnyi dosvid) [The participation of employees in profits of enterprises (foreign experience)] Aspekty pratsi – Work aspects, 4, 38-44 [in Ukrainian].
• Hladka, L. I., & Domashchenko, M. O., & Kovalova, M. V. (2012). Upravlinnia prybutkom v suchasnyh umovah [Profit management under present-days conditions]., Ekonomika i rehion – Economics and Region Bulletin of Poltava National Technical Yuri Kondradiuk University , 7 , ( pp. 195-198) [in Ukrainian].
• Ofitsiinyi sait Derzhavnoho komitetu statystyky Ukrainy [Oficial site of State Statistics Service of Ukraine] (n.d.) – Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/
• Shulha, A. V., & Semeiko, Ya. V., (2008). Metody upravlinnia vytratamy vyrobnytstva [Management methods of enterprises’ expenditures]., Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport named after Academician V. Lazaryan , 22, ( pp. 283-286) [in Ukrainian].
• Cold Offices Linked to Lower Productivity. (n.d.) http://www.psychologicalscience.org – Retrieved from http://www.psychologicalscience.org/index.php/news/minds-business/cold-offices-linked-to-lower-productivity.html
• How the Color of Your Office Impacts Productivity. (n.d.) http://www.entrepreneur.com. – Retrieved from http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/243749
• Office plants can make workers 15% more productive, says study. (n.d.) https://www.theguardian.com – Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/sep/01/office-plants-can-make-workers-15-more-productive-says-study