Досліджено особливості запровадження біометричних паспортів в Україні, переваги та недоліки таких документів. При вивченні проблемного питання було використано зарубіжний та вітчизняний досвід з метою максимально чіткого висвітлення проблеми.

Ключові питання: біометричний паспорт, біометричні дані, чіп, персональні дані

We researched the features of the introduction of biometric passports in Ukraine, advantages and disadvantages of such documents. Used foreign and domestic experience to maximize coverage problem clearly when studied the problem question

Key questions: biometric passport, biometric data, chip, the personal data

The introduction of  biometric passports from 2015 created panic in society and led to problems in the state in connection with the installation of expensive equipment for the issuance of  identity documents. In fact, the desire to join sooner to the European Union (hereinafter − EU) results in serious problems for every citizen of Ukraine who has designed a biometric passport. Therefore it is necessary to examine the consequences of such decision by public authorities.

Analysis of recent research presented by scientists such as V. Havlovskyy,   M. Gutsulyak, R. Kalyuzhny, A. Kravets, J. Smith, M. Parkhomenko, M. Shvets,     V. Tsimbalyuk and others.

It is important to structure the advantages and disadvantages of the consequences of the introduction of passports, attracting international experience and domestic realities. We studied the question of consequences as for primarily necessity for a change of normal biometric passport.

Problem: explore the advantages and disadvantages of the introduction of biometric passports in Ukraine.

The main material research. Biometric passports in the world introduced in 2001 after the terrorist attacks in New York and operating in 90 countries for security integration and prevent international terrorism [1].

Daily The Migration service departments make out more than 8000 applications for registration of citizens passport. In our state a law of Ukraine “About the Unified State Register of demographic and documents certifying the citizenship of Ukraine, identity the human or her special status” under which the passport application procedure of the new model and the documents have not changed. You should give an internal passport of citizen of Ukraine and the registration number of the taxpayer which returning after the procedure. At the request a citizen may order a new passport with electronic media (the so-called chip) or without it. The difference is that the chip in a biometric passport will be introduced digitized person’s photo, signature and fingerprints but in another variant of passport data will not be.

The cost of a biometric passport (with an electronic chip) as usual (20 days) is 518 hryven 15 kopecks, promptly (7 days) − 775 hryven 30 kopecks. The cost of a passport of citizen of Ukraine for traveling abroad without electronic media is at the same time under 461hryven 15 kopecks and 718 hryven 30 kopecks. Biometric passports are issued for 10 years and passports issued before January 1, 2015, remain in full force before the end of their actions [2].

Forms of biometric passports produced Polygraph “Ukraine”. It is a state-owned enterprise which is in the management of the National Bank of Ukraine. Equipment and maintenance of the system on which will be issued biometric passports, carries the same state enterprise “Ukrainian Special Systems” which is in the area of ​​State Special [3].

Advantages of biometric passports is both shortcomings, so examine:

1) using the latest technology makes counterfeiting of electronic documents is almost impossible. The myth that biometric passports are safe shatter a few years ago. In 2008 in Europe there was a wave of protests against biometric chips. In Germany, the hackers released fingerprints of prime minister to prove how easy it is to substitute man. In Amsterdam, several scientists deceived reader machine at the airport. Passed control under the name of Osama bin Laden and Elvis Presley;

2) protection of personal data. Market “Petrovka” always secretly selling information databases. The entire Ukraine became known biography, address the whole way of life “Karavansky shooter.” Secret police merged the information. “There is a big question in this situation: can we trust in state such information? I think it is still impossible, ” − says activist of human rights Dmytro Groisman. The weaknesses of the law in his own name: “United register of all documents.” This means that the database biographies of each Ukrainian will be in the hands That is why the underground trade by documents can gain enormous momentum.

3) is one of the conditions of the membership in EU. According to the author of law Vasily Gritsak, the law seems to need us to be allowed in Europe. However, the procedure for obtaining a visa from the passport will not change. They glued the all 32 pages. The electronic chip with biometric data, including fingerprints will be sewn in the passport − a truly international requirements. Then Ukrainian will have to buy not one but 15 new documents. These include internal passport, driver’s license, migrant card and even crew member certificate. In fact, no one in Europe requires that this internal document should be biometric [4].

4) passport data will help public authorities to protect each of unforeseen criminal acts. Today in Ukraine there is a database about individual biometric data, data on relatives, marital status and place of registration which is actively created and filled. No one is interested in how the data will be handled, who will do it, where it then transmitted, whom it manages, maintains and uses in the future. Often, the mention of collecting information in fillable forms printed in small type, so no re-read written or explore forms that are filled, most Ukrainian not used and do not want. The most Ukrainian do not want to understand that a single registry of citizens analogues already exist and information on each of us is collected, processed and systematized constantly. That is why many do not even realize that a single registry of citizens analogues already exist, and information on each of us is collected, processed and systematized constantly. At the same time the owner of the e-passport will not be able to verify the data stored in the personal file-folder.

Drawbacks of these documents is that:

1) tracked by you any where in the world you are part of the system;

2) they are furious excitementfor it and people line up as in Soviet times for food.

3) the chip in the passport can be damaged badly bent paper;

4) if the passport would break so you become the open book and too vulnerable. The data from this microchip identifying each person and their “drain” can bring a big trouble to the owner;

5) violated provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine because it would create a single state demographic register which is an electronic information and telecommunication system. Adding data to the public registry provides extremely easy opportunity to observe the movement of the person, violations of freedoms.

Through innovations of documents, government can control individually and impact on the activities of civil society. The opportunity to avoid rallies, strikes, revolutions, deactivates citizens in the quest to protect their rights and freedoms. The authourity could keep an eye on one the without thinking, guided by citizens. Because in such way state do not need to spend extra money, resources, undermine the authority for permanent settlement issues.

Conclusions. The introduction of biometric passports is a new step in reforming our state. Today in Ukraine already published 1300 biometric passports. However, the Law of Ukraine “On the Unified State Register of demographic” allows to government interference in the private life of a citizen, family, allows to control the actions of citizens regardless of their desire that is a violation of the Constitution of Ukraine.

REFERENCES

[1]. Biometric passport: Myths and Reality: [electronic resource]. – Access: http://ot.kr.ua/biometrichnij-pasport-mifi-i-realnist.html.

[2]. On the Unified State Register of demographic and documents certifying the citizenship of Ukraine, of identity or her special status as of 6 February 2015: [electronic resource]. – Access: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/5492-17.

[3] .Who will have access to holders of biometric passports ?: [electronic resource]. – Access: http://www.radiosvoboda.org/content/article/26710268.html.

[4]. Biometric trap: the Ukrainian threatens the introduction of electronic passports: [electronic resource]. – Access: http://tsn.ua/ukrayina/biometrichna-pastka-chim-zagrozhuye-ukrayincyam-vvedennya-elektronnih-pasportiv.html

Досліджено правову природу НАТО як військово-політичного союзу з метою вивчення питання вступу України в міжнародну міжурядову організацію. Також наведені переваги та недоліки вступу України в НАТО на основі аналізу законодавчих актів та доктринальних матеріалів

Ключові слова: НАТО, Альянс, позаблоковий статус, армія, геополітика

Researched the legal nature of NATO as a military-political alliance in order to study the question of Ukraine’s accession to the international intergovernmental organization. There are advantages and disadvantages of Ukraine’s accession to NATO on an analysis of legislative and doctrinal materials

Keywords: NATO, Alliance, a non-aligned status, army, geopolitics

Nowadays there is a problematic issue of Ukraine’s entering to NATO despite the fact that non-aligned status was withdrawn. Taking into account external factors and conditions of the entry leads to the fact of ascertain the usefulness of such membership.

Analysis of recent research presented by scientists such as Vovkotrub Y., Dolharyeva A., Lysenko A., Paly O., Ponomar O., Pukhalsky J., Semchynskyy K.  The main directions of Ukrainian geopolitics outlined in their papers. Researching as for Atlantic integration of Ukraine is impossible without the ideas of  Western classics and contemporary geopolitics politicians and scientists. Particular, the work of  I. Valerstayna, R. Kellen, G. Mayer, H. Mackinder, A. Mahan, N. Spaykmen,    W. Sherman and others.

Due to the lack of awareness as for the ascendantsion of our country to the military-political union we should study the possible membership. There are many articles about relations between Ukraine and NATO, but no critical assessment just the objectification of facts.

Target: find out the advantages and disadvantages of Ukraine’s accession to NATO

The main material research. Ukraine is a member of more than 40 intergovernmental and non-governmental international organizations. Membership in each of these organizations is a valuable experience and a wide range of possibilities for realization of  our potential. Certainly, any action related to international issues is a major step for the state and it has not always uniform interpretation. Due to recent events in our country and the discussion of EU accession, there are allegations that NATO accession will speed up an accession to the EU. However, there is no legislation that would facilitate NATO member states join to the EU. Another illusory issue in our state is the solution of social problems in the Ukrainian army which is a requirement of  NATO [1]. Although the war in the East destabilize the state army, so this issue will not resolve in the short term.

According to the Institute for Euro-Atlantic Cooperation, NATO membership will cost each citizen of Ukraine 4-5 hryvnia per year, no more than the membership in other international organizations.

However, there are the other moment. By the standards of NATO spending for defense should be at least 2% of GDP per year. According to Ukrainian standards we spend for defense about 3% of GDP per year. However, the director of the Center for Army, Conversion and Disarmament Sergei Zhurets claims that the cost is significantly less − about 1.3% of GDP per year [2].

To specify all “for” and “against” joining to NATO highlight the following:

Benefits:

1) entry into NATO will improve the living standards of Ukrainian citizens as it meets the standards inherent for all members of the Alliance. Those countries which join the Alliance have an opportunity to defend their national interests, territorial integrity and sovereignty, given a new impetus to the development and formation of modern standards in his life [3, P. 59];

2) modernization of the Armed Forces based on new technologies accelerating their transformation;

3) after joining the Alliance Ukraine will take active part in the processes of decision-making on the further development of  European and Euro-Atlantic security not only concern the interests of national security of Ukraine and NATO but also form the modern environment of  Euro-Atlantic security, including the security of Ukraine    [4, P. 26];

4) Ukraine’s entry into NATO will improve the country’s investment attractiveness in the eyes of international investors;

5) providing security guarantees under which an attack on Ukraine means an attack on all members of Allies;

As a result of joining NATO our country will strengthen their political independence and protection from external interference in Ukraine’s internal affairs under the Internal Security Alliance standards [5, P. 5-6].

The disadvantages are:

1) a large amount of annual membership contributions to the NATO budget              [6, P. 94];

2) an increase in defense’s spending in the country;

3) Ukraine will be obliged to provide assistance to other States in the event of an armed attack but it is one of the duties of States Parties. Such obligations relate to each of the 28 Member States that promote solidarity in addressing military clashes;

4) membership in NATO will likely require changes to the Constitution of  Ukraine in the part concerning foreign military base in Ukraine and conditions of use of military force in our state;

5) NATO’s membership implies adherence to the collective nuclear planning in the so-called extended nuclear deterrence NATO. Allies, as recorded in paragraphs 62 and 63 of its Strategic Concept, must recognize the fundamental role of nuclear weapons in ensuring the overall safety and participate in the distribution of nuclear roles. Any compulsory participation in preparation for operations using nuclear weapons or placing it in its territory do not require (though it is fundamentally not excluded). However, the fact that the need to recognize the fundamental role of nuclear weapons, though a stranger’, to ensure their security can excite collective consciousness of Ukrainians in which has not erased the memory of its own nuclear disarmament. [7]

6) a limitation of autonomy in making key decisions in foreign and defense policy. Based on proven technologies, Ukraine in any direction of domestic and foreign policy will be unable to make independent steps. NATO has always dictate its own terms to Ukraine because of significant differences in geopolitical interests. Otherwise it will wait the sad experience of Yugoslavia;

7) further promoting NATO’s eastward improve strategic relations between the alliance and Poland. Ukraine will receive the role of buffer formation [8];

8) it is clear that even Ukraine’s membership in NATO will not provide her security. Conflict of Greece and Turkey is great confirmation;

9) joining to NATO means the new opportunities for competitive defense’s industries. From joining to NATO is not lost high-tech defense systems in Slovakia and won the high-tech, primarily in Poland, partly in the Czech Republic.

Conclusions. The changes that may occur in the future with our entry is really significant and to some extent necessary. NATO’s membership is a motivating factor in the political, economic, military, social aspects. Ukraine will receive additional guarantees security, territorial integrity, inviolability of formation of proper democratic standards. However, to decide about entry to any association or coalition Ukraine must do the following:

– develop an independent foreign policy strategy that would be based on national interests and be consistent with the context of the current geopolitical and geo-economic balance of power in the world;

– significantly accelerate the reform and strengthening of democratic principles;

– more fully, efficiently and powerfully using of all available domestic capacity and establishing appropriate and most independent position in economic allocation of productive forces;

– the definition of a particular circle fundamentally important for Ukraine partners, cooperation with which has played a catalytic role to economic development.

REFERENCES

[1]. Disadvantages of NATO Membership : [Electronic resource]. – Access : http://politiko.ua/blogpost2724.

[2]. Ukraine and NATO. Myths and reality : [Electronic resource]. – Access : http://nbnews.com.ua/tema/28625/.

[3]. Soskin VI Accession to NATO – a strategic choice of Ukraine. − K .: Izd “Institute of Society Transformation”, 2008. − 117 p.

[4]. O. Bilous, Dotsyak I., Klimonchuk V., L. Nykyruy All of NATO. − F .: I-CGP them. Stefanik, 2007. − 215 p.

[5]. Alexander Paly. Accession to NATO: 20 to 6 in favor of Ukraine // Ukrainian Pravda. − 2006. − № 7. − P. 5-6.

[6]. NATO Handbook. − Brussels, Office of Information and Press, 2001. − 124 p.

[7]. What are the cons of NATO membership for Ukraine? : [Electronic resource]. – Access : http://svatovo.ws/stati_uk_nato_minus.html.

[8]. Positive and negative consequences of Ukraine’s accession to NATO : [Electronic resource]. – Access : http://www.rusnauka.com/15_NPN_2009/ Politologia / 46516.doc.htm.